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Irish Immigration
A short, harsh chapter arguing that mass immigration from famine-ruined Ireland supplied England's factories with cheap labour and dragged wages and living standards down — written in the ethnic stereotypes of the 1840s, and essential context for how the English working class was assembled. Read it as period evidence, prejudices included.
Scale of Irish immigrationWage competition and living standardsPeriod stereotyping of the IrishCarlyle quoted at length