Sections 1 COMMODITIES. 2 Use-values are primarily means of existence. 3 If one ounce of gold, one ton of iron, one quarter of wheat, and twenty yards of silk are… 4 This reduction appears to be an abstraction; but it is an abstraction which takes place… 5 The conditions of labor, which creates exchange value, as shown by the analysis of the… 6 Quite different it was under the patriarchal system of production, when spinner and weaver… 7 In commodities this mystification is as yet very simple. 8 It is wrong to speak of labor in so far as it is applied to the production of use-values as… 9 Unequal volumes of different use-value contain the same quantity of labor-time or the same… 10 may be represented as follows: 1 yard of linen = 1/8 lb. 11 First case. 12 A commodity is a use-value, wheat, linen, a diamond, a machine, etc., but as a commodity it… 13 While the single commodity appeared from the standpoint of use-value as something… 14 The process of exchange of commodities must result both in the unfolding and in the solution… 15 Every commodity becomes an exchange value by divesting itself of its use-value, or of its… 16 While coffee, tea, bread, calico, in short, all commodities express in linen the labor-time… 17 If commodities thus assume a twofold character in order to appear as exchange values to each… 18 The particular commodity which thus appears as the specially adopted expression of the… 19 Direct barter, the original natural form of exchange, represents rather the beginning of the… 20 The world of commodities implies the existence of a highly developed division of labor; this… 21 In his turn, Boisguillebert, if not consciously, at any rate actually reduces the exchange… 22 He declares it necessary to look for another measure of value than precious metals. 23 The contrast between useful work and labor which creates exchange value agitated all Europe… 24 After different forms of concrete labor, such as agriculture, manufacture, navigation,… 25 Contrary to Adam Smith, David Ricardo elaborated with great clearness the determination of… 26 First: Labor itself has exchange value, and different kinds of labor have different exchange…
Start Learning COMMODITIES. At first sight the wealth of society under the capitalist system presents itself as an immense accumulation of commodities, its unit being a single commodity. But every commodity has a twofold aspect,…
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