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Dialectics
The method chapter: metaphysics sees fixed, isolated things; dialectics sees connection, sequence, movement — nature and history as complexes of processes. Hegel carried this further than anyone but left it standing on its head; set on its feet materially, and armed with two discoveries — the materialist conception of history and the secret of surplus value — socialism, Engels claims, became a science.
Metaphysical vs dialectical thinkingHegel's system as the last of all philosophy — and its "colossal miscarriage"Idealism set on its feet: materialist dialecticsHistory as a process of evolution, not a rational planThe two great discoveries that made socialism a science